Sobre el autor y la obra
-
Felipe
Guamán Poma de Ayala
o
Vida (1535?-1616)
o
Quechua noble man
o
Spoke Quechua and some other indigenous languages;
learned Spanish as a child/adolescent and never fully grasped Spanish grammar
o
“known for his chronicle in which he denounced
the ill treatment of the native peoples of the Andes by the Spanish after
conquest”
-
Book is the “longest sustained critique of
Spanish colonial rule produced by an indigenous subject in the entire colonial
period” (Wikipedia)
-
Book was written between 1600 and 1615 and
addressed to King Philip III of Spain
-
Text outlines the injustices of colonial rule
and argues that he Spanish were foreign settlers in Peru, who abused their
position
Contexto histórico/político/social
-
Current Spanish monarch: Felipe III
Wikipedia notes
-
Text was originally sent as handwritten manuscript to
Felipe III, but was never published, and was rediscovered in 1908
-
His purpose was to give a historical account of the
Andes from the earliest human beings to the Incas and the Spanish
conquest; it was also meant as a call of attention towards the deep problems
caused by Spanish government in the region.
-
Author frequently uses Quechua words/expressions within
text (showing his indigenous background)
-
Guamán Poma's discussion of Inca rule describes
religion, social order, legislation, annual festivals and economic
organization, as well as the functions of the different social groups.
-
His narrative of Inca and pre-Inca times is often
inaccurate according to modern understandings, but reflects how the Incas were
remembered in the early colonial period, as well as Guamán Poma's distinctive
ideas.
-
Approximately half the book is dedicated to a
description and harsh critique of Spanish colonial rule; scholars consider this
section of the book as a uniquely valuable and reliable historical source.
-
Guamán Poma also proposed a new direction for the
governance of Peru, a “good government” that would draw from Inca social and
economic structures, European technology, and Chrisitan theology, adapted to
the needs of Andean peoples
-
The book contains a large number of detailed
illustrations which are often reproduced in books and articles about
pre-conquest and colonial Peru.
-
Guamán Poma dedicated the book to King Philip III
of Spain, in the hope of improving colonial rule, but there is no evidence that
the king ever saw the book.
-
Idea that Guamán Poma would have seen King Philip in a
very high light – Indigenous often thought that monarchs came from God. He wanted
to bring the perceived injustices to the attention of the king, who, as a
representative of God, surely would not have allowed them to occur had he known
about them.
Summary
The work begins
with a ton of supplications to God, and the pope, that his work would be
noticed and also have a good effect. There is also a short letter that is
attributed to Felipe’s father, Martin, on his son’s behalf. Like most medieval
texts, genealogy is heavily emphasized in this work, and so he gives a list of
the kings from the world that was previously known to Europe
(prior to 1492) that corresponds to the reigns of Incan kings. He also gives
the Incans, and European/African, kings that reigned around when Christ lived.
The next section
that we read talks about the different ages of the Incans. Vari Viracocha Runa
was the name of the first Indians after the flood (think Noah’s ark). They
lived an idealized kind of life where they didn’t do anything except praise
God. Well, and multiply. Allegedly they always gave birth to both a son and a
daughter. After awhile though, like Israel throughout the Old
Testament, these people lost their way. All told, their age lasted 830 years.
The Indians of
the second age were called Vari Runa. Their age lasted 1,312 years. They wore animal
skins, but not fashioned clothing. They knew God existed and, of course, they
also knew about Hell. They lived simply.
The third age
was called Purun Runa, and it lasted 1,130 years. They began making clothing.
They had alcohol but did not get drunk. They multiplied big time. Language had
become fragmented because the people spread out across the land. They had a lot
of natural religion, similar to Christianity, according to the author.
The fourth age
was called Auca Runa. It lasted 2,100 years. These people began to make
fortresses. They worshipped God, they were strong and they had a lot of virgins
but no nuns. Things were a lot better than after the Spaniards came, because
all the Spanish clerics want to do is rape Indian women. They did not live a
life of vice but rather one given to strength of body and character. This
traces lineage right up to the author himself. After the arrival of the
Spanish, all the Indians are slaves and alcoholics.
After the
Spanish discovered the “New World,” they went nuts
for gold. According to the author, that is what takes them down to Hell. Martin
de Ayala, one of the author’s ancestors, was the first ambassador to the
Spanish, through Pizarro. In 1533, Pizarro marched on the Incans, even though
they had offered him gold and silver if he would leave forever. The Spanish
started the battle. Atagualpa Ynga did not immediately bow down to a Spanish
king he had never seen, nor did he immediately accept the Bible without
question and so the Spaniards took him prisoner and killed a bunch of his
subjects. Only five Spanish died. Afterwards, the palace was sacked by the
Spanish. All throughout that land, the Spanish pillaged. Eventually, the
Spanish beheaded Atagualpa Ynga.
During this
time, the Spanish robbed many villages and killed lots of women and children.
One time, when the natives were going to burn down some Spanish residences,
they prayed to Mary and she saved them.
Comps
-
Reading assignment: ff 1-20, 30-31, 48-63, 368-
407 (which might also be 370-409)
-
Example question: Similarities and
differences between indigenous self-representations Popol Wuj, Warochirí, Ollantay, Guamán Poma de Ayala and El Inca
Garcilaso de la Vega.
Personas
-
Felipe
Guamán Poma de Ayala – autor/narrador
-
Martín
Guamán Mallqui de Ayala – father of Felipe (author)
-
Felipe III – king to whom author directs his
work
-
Cristobal Colón – conquistador
-
Francisco Pizarro – conquistador español
-
Diego
de Almagro – conquistador español
-
Atagualpa Inga – some Inca leader dude (during
time of conquest)
Ideas/temas importantes
-
Estilo de escritura
o
Written as kind of a letter (in form of
“crónica”) directed to King Felipe III
o
Muchas listas
§
Genealogies of kings / family members
§
List of all the types of animals that used to
live in the land (50)
o
Grammar’s not perfect (especially with gender) –
reflects late education in Spanish
o
Sometimes addresses audience (“cristianos
lectores”)
o
Sometimes quotes things in indigenous language
and then offers a translation in Spanish
§
Especially of prayers
-
“Elemento
humano” / visión de los indígenas
o
* una
defensa de los indios (como Bartolomé de las Casas)
o
* una
visión idealizada de los indios
o
Says the Indians are descendents of Noah (of the
flood) – the lost tribe of Israel
o
Focuses particularly on religious traditions of
the Indians (trying to compare it and relate it to Christianity)
o
The Indians at the time of the conquest are kind
and relatively welcoming with the Spaniards – they want to help them, and they
give them food, etc. The Indians are pictured as rather ignorant, yet innocent
– best examples are how gullible they are about believing that the Spaniards
never sleep and eat gold/silver, and how scared they are when the conquistadors
put bells on their horses.
-
Género
o
Focuses on men
o
Emphasizes the purity of the women of the early
Indian generations – no adultery, got married as virgins and protected their
honor (59)
-
Pensamientos
sobre los conquistadores españoles
o
*
Nota los abusos de los españoles y su manía por el oro y la plata
o
Makes comparison between Indians and Spaniards –
says that they have the Bible yet still sin and lie, and are greedy for
silver/gold and don’t always follow the Gospel. (61)
o
Says the Spaniards teach the Indians bad customs
and don’t obey God (61)
o
Emphasizes the greed of the Spaniards – gives
example that they lied and said they eat silver and gold (370)
o
Conquistadors seem to delight in terrifying and
manipulating the Indians – example of when they put bells on their horses and
were satisfied/happy when the Indians ran away scared (383)
-
La
religión
o
Praises God excessively and makes inferences to conversion
to Christianity
§ Ex: “unos y otros se aconsejen y se enseñen
y sepan que hay un solo Dios verdadero” (3)
§
Says that the earliest Indians were also
concerned with conversion and prayed for the salvation of the world (50)
o
(9) Says that the first Indian, named Uari, was
a descendent of Noah (of the flood) – this is an attempt to link indigenous
people with Christianity; a way to justify the existence of the people of the
New World (they are the last tribe of Israel)
o
Author’s father Martín de Ayala as a model
Christian, despite being indigenous
o
Conquistadors claim to want to convert Indians
to Christianity
Apuntes del texto
1)
-
Introduces his work, states the title and says
he is the author
-
Praises his work (to get attention of reader?) –
says it is “muy útil y provechosa” and will basically be of some use to pretty
much anyone
-
Very formal writing style (extreme repetition of
“dicho”)
-
Reminder: God threatens and punishes us, so we
need to get our act together.
3)
-
Offers a prayer to God (and Holy Trinity, and
Virgin Mary) – wants his work to be successful and include good
explanations/examples to best impact his audience
-
If he writes well, everyone who reads it will be
a better Christian servant to God
-
Everyone should know there’s only one God and be
Christians – idea of conversion!
4)
-
Another prayer to God (“muy santo padre papa”) –
basically asking God to grace Peru with His presence and pledging the kingdom’s
obedience to Him
-
Offers his work as a service to God and asks for
God’s blessing on the work
5, 6, 7)
-
This
section is a letter from the author’s father, Don Martín Guaman Mallqui de
Ayala
-
Father describes his [rather impressive] lineage
– he’s from indigenous nobility
-
Defends his son (Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala)
and his authority to write – he is a legitimate son and is a prince and
governor/administrator of the Indians
-
Talks about Indian/Peruvian history – names
previous kings.
-
Mentions the major effects of the Spanish
conquest of Peru. Brought Christianity and now your king is our king.
-
“I humbly beseech you to treat my son with
favor”
8, 9, 10)
-
Letter
from the author – to the King Felipe
-
“Muchas veces ude de… esta dicha empresa” – he
didn’t want to accept the Spanish monarch/empire?
-
Rhetoric / false
modesty – “la rudeza de mi ingenio y ciegos ojos y poco ver y poco saber y
no ser letrado ni doctor ni licenciado
ni latino”
-
Despite my shortcomings, I want to write about the
history and ancestry of the first kings and lords of our land (Peru), who are
our grandfathers, and the various generations of the indigenous people
-
Says that the first Indian, named Uari, was a
descendent of Noah (of the flood) – this
is an attempt to link indigenous people with Christianity; a way to justify the
existence of the people of the New World (they are the last tribe of Israel)
-
Names tons of kings – the lineage of kings
across the generations
-
Say that he is trying to keep the account the
most truthful/accurate possible
-
Lists the various languages that he will
use/include in the work
-
Repeats that the work will be beneficial to
faithful Christians and implies that he hopes it will be helpful for the
conservation of the Catholic faith
11)
-
Prólogo al
lector cristiano
-
Says it was hard work to write this because
nothing like it has been written before; had to collect from many languages and
oral traditions, etc. He did all this work to be of service to God and also to
the King Felipe III, and also to help faithful Christians learn more.
-
Says he is a prince and therefore this work is
worthy of him (?) – maybe worth being published?
13)
-
Refers to the miracles that God has done for the
good of men, including creating the world in six days, and sending Jesus to the
Earth for 33 years to die as a sacrifice for men. God made “our father and mother”
Adam and Eve, and created the sky/heaven and earth, water and wind, fish and
animals, all for men. God also sent us the Holy Spirit to enlighten us.
-
Mentions a few famous poets and philosophers.
15)
-
El primer comienzo de la dicha crónica
-
Talks about the previous indigenous people who
have served God
-
Talks about his father, Martín de Ayala, who he
calls a “mestizo santo” and says has served God since he was twelve years old.
-
His father (Martín de Ayala) was the one who
taught his brothers and his son (Felipe, the author) about Christianity. Martín
de Ayala also served God for thirty years working with the poor people of the
hospital (“aunque fue indio”).
16)
-
Martín de Ayala was a great servant of the
Spanish empire / King Felipe
o
He has
served in all the battles of the Spanish king in the New World
o
He killed the traitor Martín de Olmos and gained
honor and merit
18)
-
Martín de Ayala was a great holy man; he became
a priest (sacerdote)
-
Martín worked his entire life with the poor
people in the city hospital
-
Martín did a lot of penitence; didn’t sleep very
much and when he did sleep it was on a straw mattress and he got up early to
pray and visit sick people; he also punished himself physically (“disciplinas
en su carne”)
-
He was always very respectful to women
-
Basically, he was a great Christian!
20)
-
Martín de Ayala taught his mother and siblings
about Christianity – his stepfather and mother and siblings converted because
of his teachings.
-
Martín had to move to another town to work as a
priest, but he didn’t like it there because he didn’t want to stop his work at
the hospital of the original town, and everyone was happy when he returned to
the hospital. They all love him there.
-
When Martín died, they buried him and he left
his little inheritance to the hospital. Everyone was sad for his death. Soon
after, the rest of his family also died.
31)
-
Quinta
edad del mundo
-
He gives a genealogy of Incan kings from the
time of the birth of Jesus Christ. (Importance
of Christianity, tries to consistently link it to indigenous stuff)
-
El primer
“Inga” – Manco Cápac
49)
-
Capítulo de primer uariuiracocha runa,
primer generación de indios
-
These Indians are descendants from Noah (lost
tribe of Israel) – they were sent to this land by God
-
They lived in peace and multiplied; all of the
first generation always had two children – a boy and a girl
50)
-
The next generation of Indians was descended
from the first, the pacarimoc runa
-
This generation didn’t know how to do anything
and they dressed themselves in leaves and straw and lived in caves. All they
did was adore God “como el profeta Abacuch” and cry out about their bad
situation; they never adored any idols or demons
-
They began to work the land “como su padre Adán”
and were nomads like he was, lost on the land
-
List of all the animals that used to live on the
land
-
This generation lost faith and hope in God and
forgot the law, and therefore lost their salvation – they still remained with a
vague idea of God, who they continued adoring, but under a different name (trying to reconcile “Indian” God and
“Christian” God – they’re the same!)
51)
-
This generation didn’t know where it came from
(forgot they were Noah’s descendents)
-
Even though they forgot about Noah, they
remember the flood as a punishment from God
-
All the men were married to their wives and
lived peaceful lives adoring/worshipping God
-
They always prayed for other sinners and prayed
for salvation and conversion of the world – reference to Isaiah and Solomon (see, we care about conversion/evangelism
too, so please don’t kill us!)
-
The Indians had special places of worship and
prayed on their knees
52)
-
In this generation, the legitimate and older
sons were always strong men and the bastards/illegitimate and younger sons were
always short and weaker
-
They had a very simple burial tradition, without
idolatry or any ceremony
-
They
were “buena gente,” “aunque bárbaros infieles”
-
They always had faith in God although they had
forgotten the laws and commandments – but this is ok, because faith is the most
important part!
o
“Ved
esto cristianos lectores de esta gente nueva y aprended de ellos para la fe
verdadera y servicio de Dios la Santísima Trinidad”
54)
-
Desde la segunda edad de indios
-
They’re still Noah’s descendents! They multiplied
from the previous generation.
-
This generation starts to work, but still didn’t
really have houses (made tiny little houses like an oven) and didn’t really
have clothes, but dressed in animal skins.
-
They still didn’t worship any idols or demons; they
worshiped the creator and God!
55)
-
This second generation had laws that they
obeyed, and they respected their parents and elders.
-
They didn’t really have possessions and weren’t
extremely well-organized, but they knew how to work the land
-
They knew that heaven and hell existed
-
They had the old idea that there was one God
divided in three persons (trinity)
56)
-
They divided the divine trinity into the father,
the son, and the younger son
-
Repeats, they never adored idols but tried to
adore God as they best knew how
-
Again, even though they were barbarians, you
should learn from them!
58)
-
De esta tercera edad de indios
-
Still
descendents of Noah!!
-
This generation started to make clothes and
build houses and was a bit more organized – they had leaders and
possessions/property and obeyed laws
59)
-
You guessed it, they still adored God!
-
They continued multiplying and “otra gente”
started to multiply too – first mention of another group of Indians
-
They were a peaceful people and still didn’t
worship idols or ever get drunk
-
They were seriously into following/respecting
the laws
-
The women were never adulteresses or whores,
because none of the women ever drank alcohol or ate bad food.
-
The women got married as virgins and were into
taking care of their honor; they got married at the age of 30 and gave a dowry.
-
They were a good, organized, and peaceful people
that continued adoring God and therefore God never punished them and He allowed
them to multiply.
60)
-
The third generation of Indians began to look
for silver and gold and make more ornate clothing with silver/gold
embellishments
-
They didn’t know how to read and write, and so
they were lost along the path of salvation (defending their straying from Christianity – they had no Bible, yo!)
-
Some people want to say that Indians were
descendents of Jews/Moors/Turks, or were savage animals, but if that were true,
they wouldn’t have laws or prayers, or the traditions of Adam, and they
wouldn’t recognize the Creator or have houses.
61)
-
Makes comparison with Spaniards – says that they
have the Bible yet still sin and lie, and are greedy for silver/gold and don’t
always follow the Gospel.
-
The Spaniards teach the Indians bad customs and
don’t obey God
-
Talks about a time when many Indians died due to
a “pestilencia”
62)
-
These people were never taught about
Christianity but despite that they obeyed the ten commandments/laws of God and
always adored their God/Creator
-
They began to fight and have wars with other
groups of Indians due to envy – they were starting to fall into sin yet still
never stopped adoring God and never adored idols
-
Again, Christian reader, learn from this
barbaric people!
368)
-
The
conquest of this kingdom/land
-
Talks about the different popes/kings that were
in power at the time of the conquest
-
Says that the Europeans discovered “el camino de
la mar” in 1493
-
News got back to Spain and Rome about the
discovery of this new world
-
The land was called “Indias” because that means
“tierra en el día”, idea that this land is the highest of all of Spain and all
lands of the world
-
They call it the “new world” but that’s a
mistake
370)
-
Colón discovered the New World, at some point
his companion died and left all the responsibility to Colón
-
Colón and the Indians communicated by signs; the
Indians wanted to help the Spaniards.
-
The Spaniards lied and said they eat silver and
gold – they did this as a way to get some to take back to Spain.
-
Colón and the Spaniards returned to Spain and
brought back some silver and gold and exaggerated how much riches there were in
the New World, saying that the Indians dressed in silver and gold and that it
was everywhere all the time.
-
Emphasizes the intense greed for silver and gold
of the Spaniards.
372)
-
The Spaniards were obsessed with the idea of
getting silver and gold and evangelizing in New World – especially the silver
and gold though.
-
More Spaniards arrive in New World (Pizarro and
Almagro) and they are super greedy and therefore they kill many Indians and
also die themselves because they don’t have enough supplies (they chose to
bring more weapons instead of enough food).
374)
-
Pizarro and Almagro (conquistadors) came to Peru
and didn’t even want to rest or anything because they were so obsessed with
getting silver and gold
o
“estaban
como un hombre desesperado, tonto, loco, perdidos al juicio con la codicia de
oro y plata”
-
These Spaniards had no fear of God – need to
remember that you can go to hell for greed
376)
-
1525 – says Pope’s name and says it was time of
Carlos V in Spain
-
Pizarro and Almagro were in Peru, but they started
to have disagreements because of their great greed.
-
Says that Felipe II was born in 1526 and there
was much celebration in Spain.
-
After much arguing, the different conquistadors
(Pizarro, Almagro, etc.) agreed to have peace and be friends again and said
they would also have peace with the Indians. Martín de Ayala (author’s father)
was the ambassador of peace for the Indians. They ate together and the Indians
gave the Christians presents.
378)
-
There was a disagreement and battle between some
Indians and lots of Indians died.
-
I think the Christians somehow got involved, and
with such a strong battle it was only through God’s grace that the Christians
got out alive.
380)
-
The second ambassador of the Indians. He begs
the Christians to go back to their lands and tells them that he would give them
lots of gold and silver if they would just go away. The Christians say they
want to meet and honor the Incan king first, and then they will go home (this sounds like Cortés saying he wants to
meet the Moctezuma Aztec leader dude in person before going back to Spain –
poor Indians, it’s a trick!)
-
The Indians think the Spaniards’ horses are some
type of people too, because they eat corn, just like people (wacky!)
-
The conquistadors Pizarro and Almagro go to the
main Incan city to meet Atagualpa; they have 160 soldiers while the Incans have
100,000 Indians
381)
-
Atagualpa is in the baths when the conquistadors
show up in his city and he sends men to tell them again to go home. The
conquistadors keep insisting that they can’t.
-
The Indians can’t believe that the Christians
don’t sleep and they are majorly interested in their whole lifestyle; they
still think they eat gold and silver (and their horses too!). Atagualpa is
scared of the weird and powerful Christians. He sends female Indians to
“service” the men and the horses.
383)
-
The Christians/Spaniards put jingle bells on
their horses and this majorly scared the Indians, who all went running.
-
The Christians are satisfied because they know
they have the Indians good and scared, so they should be able to easily
overpower them.
385)
-
Pizarro and Almagro finally go to see Atagualpa,
who is on his throne surrounded by 100,000 Indians.
-
The conquistadors tell Atagualpa that they serve
a great señor, the King Carlos V, and they just want Atagualpa to be friends
with the Spanish king, that’s all.
-
Then fray Vicente comes in and says he’s also
the servant of a great señor, Jesus Christ, and he wants Atagualpa to be
friends with him too. Then they want Atagualpa to worship the cross and pledge
to believe the gospel, and they say that all other gods are stupid. Atagualpa
says the only thing/god he’s going to worship is the sun since it never dies,
and he’s going to continue following Indian laws. The Christians insist that he
should hear the Word (from the Bible) and Atagualpa takes the Bible and looks
at it and says he doesn’t hear anything (haha). Fray Vicente calls the
attention of the conquistadors and tells them that the Indians are against
Christianity and the Spanish king… soooo, let’s
kill them!
386)
-
The Spaniards/Christians start to attack the
Indians and they are “killing them like ants.”
-
The Indians start to kill each other in all the
confusion and the horses trample some.
-
Pizarro and Almagro take Atagualpa prisoner; he
is very sad to be taken away from his throne and power.
-
The Indians then had a 36 year long war.
388)
-
While Atagualpa is held prisoner, the Christians
steal all of his things and also take all the riches from the templo del sol
(where everything was covered with gold). The Christians are happy because
there’s tons of gold.
-
The Indians were so sad because of the bad
treatment that they started crying and stopped eating and they started singing,
“un guerrero perverso nos ha aprisionado…”
-
Atagualpa doesn’t know what to do to fix the
situation. While he is imprisoned, none of his Indian vassals serve him.
Atagualpa gives the conquistadors tons of gold, trying to save his own life.
389)
-
The conquistadors send all the riches to Spain,
to pay off their debts, and give money to their family, friends, and the King.
-
Atagualpa sends Indians to kill any other possibly
legitimate royalty.
-
The Indians don’t even know what to do anymore
because there isn’t any Christian God helping them out, and there’s no justice,
and there’s a lot of hunger and uproar constantly.
391)
-
Pizarro wants to kill Atagualpa (by
decapitation) but Almagro and the others don’t agree – they say that they should
set him free so he will rebuild his kingdom and get them more gold and silver.
-
They kill Atagualpa and find tons of hidden
gold/silver/jewels, which the Christians send to Spain (to Carlos V and to
their families).
-
Spain is really excited about all the riches and
starts to send more and more people to Peru, including merchants and priests –
everyone is super greedy for gold!!
393)
-
War between the Indians (I think? This part was confusing)
-
The Christians were able to conquer Peru because
God was on their side!
395)
-
“los españoles
se derramaron por todas las partes de la tierra de este reino de dos en dos”
(like Noah’s ark…)
-
The Christians/Spaniards robbed the Indians of
their silver and gold, and stole their clothing and food
-
Language barrier between Christians and various
sects of Indians – “anda gran puta”
-
The Christians/Spaniards started to rape the
virgin Indian women – no temor de Dios
-
The Christians conquered the land merely by saying
that they weren’t scared of any Inga
397)
-
Pizarro and Almagro go meet some other Indian
leader and ask him to give them more silver and gold; when he doesn’t they
burned him alive, and then attacked all the other Indians and tortured them. Many
of the more powerful Indians lied and said they were poor because they were
scared of being tortured.
399)
-
Some Indians are upset about the previous leader’s
death (burned alive) and they go to ask for the Christians’ mercy and kneel
down and pray to the Virgin Mary
401)
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The Christians set up a temple for God in the
city. Some Indians try to burn it, but the temple/house won’t burn down. The Indians
see this as a sign from God that Christianity and the Holy Church have already
been established in the region.
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Other miracle: the Indians were praying and the
Virgin Mary appeared before them
403)
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The Saint Mary was dressed all in white (“más
blanca que la nieve”) with a brilliant face – the Indians were frightened to
see her. She told the Indians that she wanted them to believe in her so that
they would be saved. She said their souls would be saved if they prayed to her
precious son (Jesus) and the Holy Trinity with only one God. She also said
everyone must adore her, the Virgin Mary.
405)
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Another miracle – the Indians saw Saint James
(Santiago) come down from the sky during a thunder storm (how do they know who these people are?) Saint James came to defend
the Christians from the Indians; he came on a white horse, with a sword, and
brought much destruction and death against the Indians.
406)
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When the Indians saw Saint James many of them
went running in fear. Seems like the Indians pretty much gave up and just left
their kingdom to the Spaniards.
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Some other Indians tried to defend the kingdom
one last time but gave up and started to serve and help the Spaniards – note:
they didn’t do this full-heartedly, but rather with constant suspicion and
reserve.
407)
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This other Indian, who’s determined not to give
up, Mango Inga, took lots of different Indians to this other place and made a
new city and built a temple there. The city was very poor and not well-armed,
because frankly the Indians just don’t have a lot going for them at this point.
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These Indians were able to defend their little
city for a few years. But then, one day Mango Inga was drunk, and he was
messing around with some mestizo Diego Méndez, and Diego killed him, and then
the Indian captains killed the mestizo.
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