Sobre el autor y la obra
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Es
anónimo, no se sabe quien fue el autor
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It was written in classic Quechua, so thought to
be of Incan origin. It was probably adapted somewhat to fit Spanish/Western
tradition.
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The time period it was written in isn’t certain,
but the story itself probably takes place between 1461 and 1471.
-
It was published in Spanish in 18th
century, but thought to have been written much earlier and perpetuated by oral
tradition.
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The first written transcript was from a priest
in the 18th century – Antonio Valdés
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Three theories about its origin – completely
Incan, totally Spanish colonial, or originally Incan with some Spanish colonial
tweaks
Comps Example Questions
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A comparison (thematic, aesthetic, ideological)
of indigenous literatures (Popol
Wuj,Warochirí,Ollantay) to other colonial texts (Las Casas, Colón, Cortés,
Díaz del Castillo, Vaca)
-
Similarities and differences between indigenous
self-representations Popol Wuj,
Warochirí, Ollantay, Guamán Poma de Ayala and El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega.
Personajes (bien definidos)
Principales
-
Pachacútec – Inca
rey; encarna al Inca, ora magnánimo hasta la ternura, ora cruel hasta la
vesania.
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Ollántay – general
rebelde que se enamora con Cusi, la hija del rey inca. Es tierno, apasionado,
orgulloso y valiente
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Cusi Coyllor – la
hija del rey inca y la amante de Ollantay. Representa la hija dócil y la amante
apasionada
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Rumi Ñahui – general
adicto a la corte imperial; expresa el servilismo cortesano y la rampante
astucia. (Antenor Samaniego)
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Tupac-Yupanqui – the Inca
Pachacutec’s heir; the new Inca when Pachacutec dies
Secundarios
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Chaski
(Mensajero)
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Ccoya o Anahuarqui (Reina madre, esposa
de Pachakutiq)
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Hanqu Wallu (Olla Blanda, un
noble anciano, nombrado general tras la auto-coronación de Ullanta como Inca de
los Antis, o pobladores del Antisuyu)
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Ima Sumaq – hija de Ollantay and Cusi
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Mama Ccacca (Madre Roca,
gobernanta del Acllahuasi o casa de las escogidas)
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Piqui Chaqui – gracioso compañero de
Ollantay; se caracteriza por darle humor al drama
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Pitu Salla (Cortesana, tutora de
Ima Sumaq)
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Orcco Huaranca – jefe supremo de los
andícolas (Mil Montañas, general de Ullanta, su segundo al mando del
ejército del Antisuyo)
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Huillac Uma (Gran Brujo o Sumo
Sacerdote)
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Runas
(Indios)
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Llapankuna
(Coro de Yaravíes)
Resumen
Ollantay, a general of
the Inca king dude (Pachacútec) is crazy in love with Cusi Coyllor, the
beautiful daughter of the Inca king. He reveals his love for her, and since
that would be too crazy of a social jump and is inappropriate for his social position,
the Inca king throws him out of the court. The Inca king could have killed
Ollantay, but didn’t want to because he was a loved servant with great talent
and bravery. Ollantay goes into exile with his buddy Piquichaqui, threatening
to come back and destroy the imperial city. Meanwhile, in the palace, Cusi
Coyllor has been shut way in a gloomy cavern, where she will be forced to
suffer for her sin. Cusi has a daughter, Ima Súmac, who is raised separate from
her mother. She wanders all lonely-like through the palace galleries and
gardens with her friend, Pitu Salla – she doesn’t know/understand about the
mysterious sadness of the court. On the other hand, Ollantay has been amassing
power elsewhere, and decides to march against the city of Cuzco with his
troops, organized by the general Orco Huaranca. Ruminahui, the general of the
Inca king, is sent with the goal of annihilating this rebellion, but his forces
are destroyed. Túpac Yupanqui, the successor/heir of the Inca king, blames
Ruminahui for being a coward, but Ruminahui promises to win against Ollantay
and bring him back to the city in chains. Ruminahui lies to Ollantay,
pretending to be severely injured, and manages to get into Ollantay’s castle
and lets all the troops in there. The troops severely attack Ollantay and his
homeboys. Meanwhile, Ima Súmac (Ollantay’s daughter) finds her mother, Cusi,
imprisoned and looking ghastly. Then, the Inca king decides to pardon Ollantay,
names him as a chief of the city of Cuzco, and allows him to marry Cusi.
Temas/ideas importantes
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Estilo de escritura
o
Written in verse
o
Divided in 3 acts (in Spanish traditional
version) or 15 scenes (in Quechua original)
o
Not quite perfect rhyme scheme
o
Mixture
of versos octosilábicos (8) y endecosilabicos (11)
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Amor
o
El
poder del amor; Ollantay no puede evitar de amar a Cusi aunque sea una mala
decisión
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Género
o
The women must be pure (think of the great
condemnation against Cusi)
o
The men must be brave (Ollantay is the perfect
example)
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El
“elemento humano” (¿Cómo son los indígenas?)
o
Major importance of obedience to Inca leaders –
it’s a big deal that Ollantay rebels
o
Importance of bravery especially among men
o
Religious element – superstition and sacrifices
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Clase
social
o
They’re really not big into moving between
social classes – major example is the criticism of Ollantay for wanting to
marry upwards (Cusi)
o
No marriage outside of social classes (Cusi and
Ollantay)
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Bravery – major value of the Indians, especially
the men
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Religion
o
High priest Huillca-Uma has a relatively
prominent role
o
Superstition – the steady belief in the readings
of the quipus (device to read future with different colored threads)
o
Sacrifices (of animals)
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Traición
o
Ollantay betrays the Inca Pachacutec by having
sex with his daughter Cusi Coyllur
o
The Anti-Suyu nation betrays the Inca Pachacutec
by joining Ollantay in his rebellion
o
The general Rumi-Nahui betrays Ollantay by lying
to him and saying that the new Inca Tupac-Yupanqui is a fierce tyrant (in order
to get into his castle to be able to defeat him)
Apuntes del texto
ACT ONE
Scene 1 – plaza
en el Cuzco
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Ollantay talks to his friend Piqui-Chaqui about
his love for Cusi Ccoyllur, the daughter of the Inca. It’s clear that it’s a forbidden love.
(Piqui-Chaqui: “El día que el Inca descubra tu pensamiento, te ha de cortar el
cuello”)
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Ollantay
praises Cusi Ccoyllur (“una brillante flor”)
Scene 2
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The priest and wise man Huillca-Uma adores the
sun
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Ollantay approaches Huillca-Uma to talk with him.
Huillca-Uma reminds Ollantay of his great wisdom, and tells him that he has the
power to make him a general, and that he knows he will be a leader one day. The
Inca loves Ollantay; everyone does!
-
Huillca-Uma warns him not to seduce
Cusi-Ccoyllur – it would be an inappropriate action. (“¿Qué, estás delirando
por hacerte noble?”) Ollantay is determined and tells him that Cusi is already
his wife (they’ve had sexual relations) and asks him to help him talk to her
father, the Inca.
Scene 3
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Ollantay
gives himself a pep talk – “Eres valiente, no temas; tú no conoces el miedo”
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He wants to go see Cusi
Scene 4
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Cusi Ccoyllur and her mother Ccoya are talking.
Ccoya asks Cusi why she’s so sad and if she has fallen in love with Ollantay
and been with him.
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Cusi says her lover has abandoned her.
Scene 5
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The Inca Pachacutec comes in and finds Ccoya and
Cusi (who is crying). Inca Pachacutec tells Cusi that he adores her and that
she is the joy of his life and his favorite child, and he asks her why she’s
crying.
Scene 6
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Some children (boys) come out dancing and
singing, with musical instruments.
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One song: to Tuyallay (a bird?), about the
harvest
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Different children (girls) come out and start to
sing about “dos palomas amorosas.”
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Cusi tells them to stop singing because they are
making her sad and she’s crying even more.
Scene 7
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Inca Pachacutec, Ollantay, and Rumi-Nahui
(another general) are talking about war plans. Ollantay asks to talk to Inca
Pachacutec alone.
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Stress
on obedience – Inca Pachacutec asks
other general Rumi-Nahui to leave and RN says “Tu pensamiento es el mío: que se
cumpla en el acto.”
Scene 8
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Ollantay’s
monologue to Inca Pachacutec – “You know that I’ve always served you
faithfully, and done good work for you. … en mérito de todo lo que te he
servido, me acerco a ti como un siervo, humillándome a tus pies para que me asciendas algo más. So…
will you give me your daughter Ccoyllur?”
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Inca Pachacutec flips out and completely rejects
Ollantay – you’re lower class, stay that way! “Miras demasiado alto.”
Scene 9
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Ollantay’s little monologue – “Oh my gosh, I’m
so sad! You’ve served so much, yet can’t get anything! Now I’ve lost my wife
Cusi forever! I will have to break her heart… So I’ll become an enemy of Cuzco
forever!”
Scene 10
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Ollantay talks to Piqui-Chaqui about Cusi
Ccoyllur. PC says that he went to the palace yesterday and didn’t see Cusi C.
anywhere. The palace is all shut up and abandoned; not even the rats are there.
Maybe they hung her?
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And, everyone is looking for Ollantay to take
him prisoner.
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Song in the background: “Perdí una paloma que yo
amaba”
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Everyone has abandoned Ollantay and become his
enemy. Ollantay is going to stick with his buddy Piqui-Chaqui, who is a bit
afraid. Ollantay tells him, “Sé
valiente; con eso, te tendrán miedo.”
ACT TWO
Scene 1 (Inca’s
palace)
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Inca Pachacutec talks with Rumi-Nahul. They are
looking for Ollantay and haven’t found him.
Scene 2
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Some old Indian comes out to talk to Inca
Pachacutec and Rumi-Nahul. He has a quipu (which is an old Incan recording
device with different colored threads). He says that the entire nation has been
stirred up along with Ollantay.
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Rumi-Nahul will march out with his men in the
morning to find Ollantay and any other traitors.
Scene 3
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Ollantay talks with the general Orcco-Huarancca.
OH tells him “La valiente nación de
Anti-Suyu ya te recibe y hast alas mujeres te aclaman.”
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The Anti-Suyu nation has had tons of problems
with the Inca Pachacutec in the past; the Inca charges them (makes them share
resources). This year, Ollantay will defend them, against the Inca Pachacutec.
Therefore, the entire nation adores and praises him, and says they want him to
be their Inca.
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Ollantay warns them that it will be a horrible,
bloody and violent battle. Orcco reassures him that he has 30,000 men and
there’s not one coward among them. Bring it!
Scene 4
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Rumi-Nahui has barely escaped the battle with
Ollantay alive. He talks to himself, and curses his situation and his weakness.
Why didn’t he do more to beat Ollantay? He blames himself for the loss – he
underestimated Ollantay’s strength and courage. How will he go back to the Inca
Pachacutec now?
Scene 5 (Patio
interior del templo de las vírgenes)
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Ima-Sumac (Cusi and Ollantay’s daughter) is
playing in the temple with her tutor/nurse Pitu-Salla. Pitu-Salla says that
everyone loves/adores Ima-Sumac.
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Ima-Sumac says that she’s very unhappy and
doesn’t like her life in the temple because everyone is sad there. She also mentions her lack of a mother – “¡Quién
sabe si estoy clausurada porque no tengo madre!”
Scene 6
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Mama-Ccacca (governess or something of the
temple) comes to talk to Pitu-Salla about Ima-Sumac. Ima-Sumac needs to get
dressed and ready in a certain way so that she will be “chosen” and not left
behind as a servant (I imagine this is some type of religious thing).
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Mama-Ccacca:
“Di su nombre, dilo; pues dentro de estas paredes todo queda sepultado como en
la nieve, y hasta el nombre se olvida” (reference
to Cusi?)
Scene 7 (Calle
de Cuzco)
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Rumi-Nahui and Piqui-Chaqui run into each other
in the street. They start to argue, because Rumi considers Piqui-Chaqui to be a
traitor, since he went with Ollantay.
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Rumi-Nahui reveals that the Inca Pachacutec has
died, and everyone is mourning. The next leader will be Tupac-Yupanqui, one of
Pachacutec’s sons.
Scene 8 (palacio del Inca)
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Tupac-Yupanqui (Inca heir) is talking to
Huillca-Uma (high priest). Today should be a day of great celebration and
religious festivity, since there’s a new Inca. The one problem is that we still
need to defeat the rebellious nation of Anti-Suyu (with Ollantay).
-
Rumi-Nahui (general) asks Tupac-Yupanqui for
forgiveness for any of his past errors – he really wants to help defeat
Ollantay and the nation of Anti-Suyu. Priest Huillca-Uma says it will happen
soon, according to the readings in the quipus.
Scene 9 (campo
cerca de la fortaleza de Ollantay)
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Rumi-Nahui shows up as a “fugitive,” covered in
blood. He asks a random Indian to send for the Inca (Ollantay) for help, but
doesn’t tell him who he is.
Scene 10
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Ollantay shows up and finds Rumi-Nahui, who
introduces himself and begs for mercy and tells him he adores him.
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Ollantay asks him what happened and says he
loves him and will help him. Rumi-Nahui tells him that the new Inca
Tupac-Yupanqui is a fierce tyrant and is being very violent with his people.
Rumi begs Ollantay for help, and Ollantay agrees and says they will have a
great festival to adore the sun together so that everything goes well for them.
ACT THREE
Scene 1
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Ima-Sumac talks to Pitu-Salla and asks who is
crying hidden in the garden, and why she’s not allowed to enter that area.
Pitu-Salla says she will tell/show her, but that it’s a big secret and it will
cause her great pain. Ima-Sumac agrees to keep the secret and Pitu says that
she will show her that night.
Scene 2
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Later that night, Pitu-Salla shows up with a
candle, a cup of water, and some food. She goes with Ima-Sumac and opens the
door to a cavern… “He aquí la princesa a quien tu corazón busca.”
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Ima-Sumac is terribly frightened and faints.
Pitu-Salla wakes her up and says not to be afraid – “es una princesa que en
este lugar se lamenta.”
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The woman (Cusi) is like a cadaver, almost dead.
Pitu-Salla tells Ima-Sumac to give her some food and water. Cusi tells
Ima-Sumac that she is very happy to see her, and Ima asks her why she is so
oppressed and anguished. Cusi explains that she married someone against the
Inca’s will.
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Cusi asks Ima-Sumac who she is, and realizes
that it’s her daughter and says that she’s her mother. Pitu-Salla says that
they need to go now, and Ima-Sumac tells her mother that she’ll come back for
her.
Scene 3
(Sala en el palacio del Inca)
-
Inca Tupac-Yupanqui asks the priest Huillca-Uma
for an update on Rumi-Nahui and Ollantay, and the priest says that Ollantay has
been defeated.
-
Inca
Tupac is happy – “Nuestro padre el Sol nos ha favorecido, como que soy de su
linaje.”
Scene 4
-
An old Indian shows up with a quipu to give the
Inca Tupac news, and the priest Huillca reads the quipu and says that Ollantay
and the Anti-Suyu nation have been defeated.
-
The Inca Tupac asks the Indian for his report,
and the Indian says that Rumi-Nahui had come to see him and told him his plan.
They had to go during the night, because Ollantay and his men were going to
have a big party, and meanwhile, we would be able to come in with our army and
surprise them… it went exactly according to plan.
Scene 5
-
Rumi-Nahui comes to talk to the Inca
Tupac-Yupanqui, all victorious and happy. They have defeated Ollantay but not
too much blood has been shed – they took everyone prisoner; they’re waiting for
their punishment.
-
Lots of
focus on not killing off the nation: Inca Tupac doesn’t want a lot of
bloodshed, and so he asked Rumi to take people prisoner rather than killing
them. Rumi says they can kill people
as punishment, “pero es menester separar a las mujeres que están embarazadas,
pues ellas bastan para la propagación de la especie.”
Scene 6
-
Inca Tupac-Yupanqui goes to meet the traitors –
Ollantay, Ancco-Allu (rebel general), Orcco-Huarancca (rebel general), and
Piqui-Chaqui.
-
Piqui-Chaqui says that if they’re going to kill
his friends, they have to kill him too.
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The Inca Tupac asks the traitors why they
betrayed him. They don’t answer, and Inca Tupac asks the priest Huillca-Uma and
the general Rumi-Nahui what he thinks their punishment should be (how they
should die). Huillca-Uma says he has a soft heart, he doesn’t know. Rumi-Nahui
says they should be trampled by the Inca’s soldiers and then their army should
be killed by bow and arrow.
-
Then, all of the sudden, the Inca Tupac decides
he will have mercy on them and sets them free, and makes Ollantay an official
governor of Cuzco (like the Inca instead of him…)
-
Ollantay pledges his obedience and allegiance to
the Inca Tupac.
-
Then, the Inca Tupac tells Ollantay that he can
marry whoever he wants so he will be happy. Ollantay says that he’s already
married, and the Inca Tupac says he wants to meet his wife, Ollantay says he’s
lost her.
-
Then, Ima-Sumac shows up crying and tells them
to let her speak.
Scene 7
-
Ima-Sumac approaches the Inca Tupac and begs for
his mercy, and says that her mother has been locked away and left to slowly
die. The Inca Tupac demands to know who has done this, and he goes with
Ollantay to where Ima-Sumac says her mother is imprisoned.
Scene 8
-
They open up the cavern and find the woman
imprisoned inside, almost dead. The Inca Tupac asks how this was allowed, and
Mama-Ccacca says that it was ordered by his father Pachacutec to punish the
woman severely.
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Ima-Sumac says the woman is Cusi-Ccoyllur, and
the Inca Tupac says she must be mistaken, because she’s dead and buried.
Ollantay then realizes that it is his wife Cusi, which makes Ima his daughter.
And Tupac realizes that the woman Cusi is his sister.
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Ollantay
to Cusi – “¿Dónde está tu risueño semblante? ¿Dónde tus lindos ojos? ¿Dónde tu
belleza? ¿Eres acaso una hija maldita?”
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They’ve
been separated for 10 years.
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Tupac says they can be married – happily ever
after! “No te aflijas; vive contento
con tu dicha, pues ya posees a tu esposa y te has libertado de la muerte.”
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