Showing posts with label Amadis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Amadis. Show all posts

Friday, August 2, 2013

Beltenebros-Antonio Muñóz Molina- (1989)

 
Comps “question”: Las últimas tendencias contemporáneas: Antonio Muñoz Molina y Javier Cercas
(Both of their works have something of a cinematic quality)

 
Random collected info:

Beltenebros es el nombre que tomó Amadís de Gaula cuando, rechazado por su amada, Orina, se retiró para vivir en penitencia con un ermitaño.
Summary from Rincón del vago:

Tema de la obra:
Valdivia is in love with Rebecca Osorio.
She doesn’t love him back because she’s in love with Walter.
So, Valdivia devises a plan that consists of tricking another guy, Darman, so that Darman will kill Walter so that he, Valdivia, can get Rebecca. To do this, they have to also trick the organization with the “Traición de Andrade”, which of course is false. Rebeca era una chica “adoptiva”. Todo esto largo suceso y proceso del que trata la obra de Beltenebros, se produce a consecuencia de los celos, la desesperación, la envidia que Valdivia sentía por Walter y Andrade y sobre todo por el amor que sentía hacia las dos Rebecas. En definitiva, una historia en la que se mezclan varios géneros pero todos ellos muy bien contrastados.
Estructura de la obra:
Del capítulo 1 al 4: En estos cuatro capítulos narra de forma detallada como recibe Darman la información,también de quien se la proporciona y lo mas importante; cual es la misión que ha de realizar con dicha información. Cuatro capítulos llenos de misterio por saber que pasará después.
Del capítulo 5 al 6: En estos dos capítulos nos cuenta la llegada a la capital de España, es decir a Madrid. Y también habla más detenidamente de la información que ha recibido anteriormente y de la instrumentación que esta contiene. Dos capítulos fáciles de leer porque la intriga es lo que sobresale de esta obra.
Del capitulo 7 al 8: Aquí nos cuenta por primera vez, y esto es importante destacarlo, de cuando encuentra el trabajo de su amor “platónico” o sea de Rebeca, que el trabajo se llama la “Boite Tabú”, y de todo el proceso que pasa hasta que por fin consigue hablar con ella. Dos capítulos muy interesantes por el proceso que conlleva.
Del capitulo 9 al 13: En estos cinco capítulos narra muy minuciosamente el encuentro que tiene con Rebeca en el piso de Andrade, hasta que este (Andrade) muere en el callejón. Cinco capítulos extensos pero desesperantes por los hechos ocurridos.
Del capitulo 14 al 18: En esta última parte cuenta como Darman decide ver por última vez a Rebeca y entonces dar una lógica a todo lo que ha sucedido a lo largo de la obra, hasta que esta finaliza. En estos seis últimos capítulos narra el fin de toda la novela dando un desenlace muy adecuado para mi punto de vista.

Acción:
El señor Darman pertenece a una organización, la cual le avisa que tiene una reunión junto con unos jefes de la misma, que se convoca para ofrecerle un puesto de trabajo, que consiste en asesinar a Andrade, personaje que también pertenece a la organización ya citada antes.
Bernal, que es el jefe de esta organización, le explica a Darman que había sido seleccionado por su gran cualidad de invulnerable. El trabajo consistía en que Darman debía de viajar a Madrid, lugar donde engañan a Andrade, ya que este se había escapado de la cárcel. Además esta persona no confiaba mucho en la organización y entonces se escapa. Darman se ocupa de investigar su pasado y poco a poco va obteniendo información la cual le consiguen un par de personas.

Conflicto:
Resulta prácticamente el contacto con Andrade y no está localizable, ya que piensa que va a ser asesinado y elimina cualquier contacto con personas de las que él sospecha, excepto con su hija Rebeca.
A Darman le cuesta gran esfuerzo reconocer el extraño hombre que se supone se encontraba en Atocha con la chica, que era el sitio donde el normalmente había establecido contacto con Andrade, pero ahora ya nunca fue así porque no volvió a aparecer.
Rebeca y su madre eran de una semejanza increíble y la atracción por ellas es la causa de la pérdida de recursos y habilidades para así poder solucionar el caso al cual había sido asignado anteriormente.

Clímax:
Cuando al fin, Andrade es encontrado por Darman, el cual le persigue desesperadamente para poder charlar con él, entonces llega de la organización otro enviado para ese caso, Luque, el cual le dispara causándole la muerte.
Ahora Darman toma la decisión de ver por última vez a Rebeca (la hija) y yendo de camino se encuentra con el antiguo cine en ruinas, donde vivían antes Walter y Rebeca madre, y este hecho tan casual le llamó la atención, o sea, la proximidad de este lugar al trabajo de Rebeca la hija y mientras meditaba todo esto se encuentra oportunamente al antiguo jefe de Rebeca, el hombre del bar, y entonces decide espiarle cuidadosamente.
Pero este intenta que Darman no encuentre a Rebeca. Al final consigue librarse del jefe y sube al palco en donde encuentra a Valdivia, el cual observaba como bailaba Rebeca.
Ya después en el Universal Cinema se encuentra con Rebeca madre, y la encuentra demacrada y con claros síntomas de locura debido a la pérdida de Walter, pero Darman decide seguir buscando a la hija y a ese acompañante tan sospechoso que andaba con ella.
Después de este largo proceso y pasado tanto tiempo buscando por fin se encuentra con ella entre unas butacas, estaba completamente desnuda y a oscuras.
Entonces Rebeca coge una linterna y la proyecta sobre el rostro de Valdivia, justo en el momento en el que iba a matar a Darman. Finalmente cae por la barandilla a las butacas dejándole muerto en el instante y librando a Rebeca del tremendo sufrimiento que estaba viviendo en ese momento.

Personajes:
Rebeca: (La hija). En un principio se muestra desconfiada de Darman pero a lo largo de la historia se va acostumbrando a él. Es una persona tranquila, sencilla, la cual siempre obedecía a los mandatos que le imponían, sin oponerse en ningún caso, sin poner pegas.
Valdivia: Con problemas físicos pasados anteriormente pero que todavía le repercutían con fuerza. Vida pésima. Se cree en un principio que estaba muerto, pero reaparece como comisario Ugarte.
Darman: Realmente es vendedor de libros en una librería de Inglaterra y su profesión oculta es el asesinato. Persona despiadada y sin corazón que a lo largo del tiempo corrige estos errores, pero sigue siendo un asesino con todas las de la ley.
Andrade: Tendencia a esconderse, vive con temor, y no le gusta ser sociable con la gente. Muy enamoradizo, sobre todo de Rebeca. Es celoso.
Espacio:
Ciudades diversas donde ocurren los hechos de la novela, como por ejemplo: París, Florencia y sobre todo Madrid (bares y tabernas, cine abandonado, etc.…)

Tiempo:

Tiempo de la novela:
Suceden los hechos al momento pero se compaginan con el pasado, por ejemplo el caso de Walter con la persecución de Andrade.
Tiempo histórico:
Época actual y los hecho que narra que son pasados, son de la época de la el principio de la guerra.
Tiempo narrativo:
El pasado está situado en forma de recordatorio, no de un suceso. Hay una sensación de lentitud muy visible.
Persona principal:
Darman cuenta su propia experiencia vivida, en la que expone sus sentimientos y su estado físico y psíquico. Aparecen diálogos y descripciones de otros personajes.

Summary from lecturalia:

La ambigüedad de la traición es el motor de una intriga policíaca que constituye el tema aparente de Beltenebros. Sin embargo, lo que en realidad encubre es el desorientado transitar de los personajes por una fascinante galería de espejos en la que se reflejan el amor y el odio, el pasado y el presente, la realidad y la ficción, en un trepidante clarouscuro de corte premeditadamente cinematográfico que mantiene al lector bajo su hipnosis hasta el último renglón del libro.
  Convocado por una organización comunista subversiva, Darman, antiguo capitán del ejército republicano exiliado en Inglaterra, regresa a Madrid para ejecutar a un supuesto traidor a quien no ha visto nunca. En los lóbregos escenarios de la clandestinidad, emprende con desgana un periplo trepidante en pos de su víctima del que una misericordiosa cabaretera, viva imagen de una mujer a la que amó, tratará de desviarlo.
  En Beltenebros, el arte de narrador de Muñoz Molina, su vigorosa maestría técnica y su estilo preciso y envolvente alcanzan un grado extremo de plenitud y de tensión expresiva cuyo logro admite escasos parangones en la narrativa española contemporánea.

El desencanto postmoderno preside esta novela y lo hace desde la perspectiva misma escogida por el autor para contar la historia: la de un narrador-protagonista (Darman), un asesino ideológico, que cumple (en realidad, incumple) una misión en la que ya no cree porque ha perdido la fe en la causa (La Causa hasta unos años antes) que justificara sus actos (sus ejecuciones) durante buena parte de su sombría trayectoria.
- Por esta razón, se imponía el empleo de un punto de vista individual, subjetivo, con el fin de hacerle experimentar al lector lo que es moverse por el laberinto de una lucha clandestina, donde ya todo de por sí es fingimiento y ocultación
-lack of narrator à el lector se halla tan desamparado como Darman y es obligado a ir tanteando en busca del sentido igual que el protagonista en pos de su objetivo
- la irónica revisión distorsionante de la perspectiva postmoderna. Ésta apela también al cine, la televisión, las historietas, la novela policial u otras modalidades largo tiempo menospreciadas como subliterarias y a todo el atosigante “smog” de clisés que caracteriza a la mal llamada por muchos “cultura popular”, en realidad, cultura de consumo masivo, baja en calorías intelectuales.
Soledad, desilusión e incertidumbre, desamparo ideológico, ansia secreta de otra cosa, de algo más, de un oscuro asidero, una tabla de náufrago, sobre la que mantener a flote aunque más no sea la sensación de que aún puede valer la pena seguir tratando de ser uno mismo, son todos componentes esenciales de “Beltenebros”.
Desde las primeras páginas de la novela aparece ya planteada la condición dual de Darman, su íntima escisión entre lo que hace (acude a una nueva convocatoria del Partido y emprende la misión que se le confía) y lo que siente y piensa: carece por completo de fe y entusiasmo.
(this article looks useful, but it’s too long. skipping the rest.)

Miscellaneous notes

1) Man sent to kill another man. (A man who had secret novelistic names). Prefigures later interrogation in a celda. (Beautiful opening narration: periódicos como hojarasca)
-man he’s looking for is as good of a shot as him, large man (criminal fisionomía?) LONG SENTENCES
-receives postcards with instructions for his missions
-plan doesn’t work à decidido a no contestar nunca más the midnight phone calls…but then, picked up by a taxi

2) my loyalty was no longer to the living, but to the dead- (los que sucumbieron en la Guerra Civil luchando contra el fascismo franquista)
-gets a fever and has flashbacks. lies vs. reality
-man tells him: There’s a traitor among us.

3) ficticia lealtad: oxymoron
-remembers the Walter case (had gone to Spain to execute a traitor). Lots of description, but little forward motion.
-“En torno a mí se movían las sombras de un porvenir que se volvió pasados sin existir nunca.” Mentions old times (long life in spy work?)

4) His name (narrador) is Darman. The other guy, Bernal: Nos ha traicionado.
Darman needs to bring passport to a guy. Says he’s not as good as before. He is dehumanized…a part of the machinery. “Yo era nadie”.

5) in secret missions, they use periódicos as contraseñas
On a plane, arrives in Madrid. Looks in reflective surface and doesn’t find/doesn’t recognize his own face
The goal seems to be to move anonymously in a big city. Keeps going on about the need to kill this man.

6) Spends a lot of ink describing surroundingsàman who doesn’t really exist b/c he exists to kill, anonymously, disappears (like a machine).
“Era, como yo mismo en los espejos”, un fantasma de otro, una existencia conjetural y perdida…goes into couple’s house. Sneaks in. Woman hears him.

7) by accident, keeps his gun on him.
Repetition of the name of Rebeca Osorio, inventadora de novelas. (She’s part of this conspiracy thing.)
Mentions the anonynmity of the bar. Imagines Andrade might have gone to a place like that to drink. Sees a woman he thinks is Rebecca, yet her voice is a little different and she doesn’t seem to have aged.
En aquel tiempo, cuando Rebeca vivía con Walter, cuando no sabía que él iba a morir y yo venía a matarlo…era capaz de ser mujeres diferentes, como repetidas en un espejo.
(game of mirrors, recognition, shape-shifting)

8)
“Mis actos…precedían las decisiones de mi voluntad”
He goes to see Rebecca, says he’s a friend of Andrade and has brought something for her. Her face is young and she says she doesn’t recognize Andrade’s name…then, narrator notes “el mentiroso brillo de sus ojos”.
She seems to know they were looking for Andrade (who is feverish and sick and also knows he’s being looked for)

9) Goes to Andrade’s house, where everything is very neatly arranged.
Mentions how Walter and Rebecca lived together happily (near the movie theatre). Reveals that Walter was the chief of a secret society.
Tells of how he interrogated a German prisoner in England who spoke of a double-agent in Madrid called Beltenebros. (A man who is…WALTER!) Darman says that even when he shot Walter in the face, he still felt like he was “one of his”.
(Time passes, things happen) Rebecca stays around to keep an eye on Valdivia and Darman begins to talk to her…later, feels somewhat close to her.
“Valdivia trazaba planes y me urgía a cumplirlos” Later, walks in on Valdivia and Rebecca (but leaves trying not to be seen) Darman seems to know Rebecca is doing that to use Valdivia. Darman decides that tomorrow he will kill Walter as long as Valdivia can distract Rebecca for half and hour.

10)
“Cumplí mi parte de crueldad y destrucción y merecí la vergüenza.” I killed Walter so that other men wouldn’t die, but his death dragged everything towards extinction and ruin. They closed the Cine that Walter ran and Rebecca moved to Mexico. Valdivia was detained and tortured but never peeped a word on anyone.
Dream-like state, nightmare, and Darman wakes up again and Rebecca is there (not in the past anymore). Rebecca and D. speak about Andrade.
At the end of the chapter, Darman gets sick, can’t really move.

11) D still in dreamlike state. Can hear someone walking, looking through Andrade’s stuff. Realizes he lost control at some point last night. He hadn’t been robbed. Goes around Madrid. Again, anonymously…Chapter is slow (not too much happening plot-wise)

12) sees a woman who looks like on of the heroines of Rebecca’s books. Rebecca (maybe?) had drugged him, meanwhile Andrade was downstairs.
Rebecca tells D. that A could never have afforded the things D. has. D says he gave A. the money for them. She admits to taking his passport and his money. In her face, en sus ojos, la mentira y la verdad eran expresiones iguales.
D. realizes that when he met Rebecca (madre), she may have already been pregnant with Rebecca (hija), linking past and present.
Now, (this is weird), he hits her and she falls on the bed. Rapes her (?) Sees some unknown man at the hotel bar later who walks out when he sees him.

13) D meets with Andrade who “veía en mí no sólo a uno de sus ejecutores posibles, sino también la encarnación odiosa de todos los hombres sin rostro que la miraban a ella…” (again, the anonymous-mass-faceinacrowd thing) Though the two of them are in Madrid, a big city, they have the feeling that they are the only two. The same taxista that brought him to the airport in Florence reappears in the garden where the two of them are. D. walks over to An. and tells him he’ll help him escape, but An. is skeptical. A shot is fired, Andrade is dead. It was Luque, who had been sent to help D.

14) Summary sentence:  “Walter y Andrade, sus dos muertes iguales, separadas tan sólo por mi incredulidad…las dos mujeres que parecían la misma…las estrategias sombrías de la traición y del crimen.”
D. ends up in a bar and thinks that the bartender wants to get him drunk so he doesn’t see something.
Then, a man comes up to him and asks…Don’t you remember me? I sold tickets at the cine.

15). More comparisons of Caso Walter and current case…”En lugar de un cuchillo de caza, ahora you manejaba un destornillador…” etc.
 At the end of the chapter, physical confrontation and he kills the guy. Gross.

16) Sees Rebecca, who in just a few hours has transformed into a mujer vieja, maquillada y lívida. “Pero era ella, la primera, la única, no su ficción ni su parodia futura, la reconocí como me reconocería a mí mismo en un espejo…”  (again, espejos, reflections, recognition, reality vs. irreality)
Rebecca gets really mad at him and starts to beat him up.

17) Rebecca doesn’t go crazy but rather “eligió la locura y la amnesia con la misma determinación con que se elige el suicidio para no seguir comprendiedo….”
“Sin duda, ella supo desde el principio que el verdadero traidor era otro y que era invisible, Beltenebros…
Some guy comes. D. is really scared. Man says: I didn’t want you to come here. D.’s life is on the line

18) Man tells D. “I’ll have to kill you. te ciega la soberbia y no tomas las precauciones necesarias.” Man basically says he was sharper when he was younger. Man speaking mentions how Rebecca (madre) was pregnany when Walter died, had wanted to kill herself.
Then, some girl in the distance comes with a light. The man speaking was Valdivia. Then, girl tells D to kill the man. Then, as if the pistol had gone off 
from his hands, Valdivia is shot and dies.

Tuesday, June 4, 2013

Anderson-Imbert (Lat.Amer.) - Part One

My impression/strategy: Imbert's not big into breaking sections up, so it's a pretty long ramble. It's nice because it does provide some context. Since it's so long and I'm not good at sorting out the juice and the pulp until the end, I have included both aspects, with the best of the juice right up top.


Article’s main juice
-          Colonial literature reflects a mix of medieval Spanish and Renaissance influences
-          Chroniclers (trends)
o   Spontaneous writers, with no training on how to write
o   Interest in the “human element” – the natives
o   Awestruck tone
o   Focus on “I” – the personal perspective
-          Moral dilemma over what to do with the natives (salvation/slavery?)
-          Major evangelism – y’all better be Catholic and like it, even if you have no idea what I’m saying since you clearly don’t speak Spanish…
-          It took a while for Spain to realize the true financial value of the Conquest – until after the 1530’s, after getting into Peru
-          Spaniards chased old legends in the New World (fountain of youth, garden of Eden, etc.) and they also wanted to get rich
-          Division of lifestyles of conquistadors:
o   Rough-and-tumble fight for survival (ex: Cabeza de Vaca)
o   Refined cultural life a bit later on (Renaissance influence)
-          New significance of theatre due to intermingling of Indian and Spanish elements and religiously didactic purpose

People from the list that are covered
-          Cristóbal Colón (pg. 28-30)
-          Bartolomé de las Casas (pg. 33-35)
-          Hernán Cortés (pg. 40-42)
-          Bernal Díaz del Castillo (pg. 42-45)
-          Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (pg. 48)

Complete article/section notes
Introduction
-          “Spanish literature of this period is generally considered a first renaissance and is characterized by its importation of forms and ideas, especially from Italy” (27)
-          Conquistadors and missionaries brought literature of Spain to the New World (27)
-          Early phase of colonization and colonial literature reflects features of medieval Spain (27)
-          Main books/texts of colonial Latin Amer. were ecclesiastical and didactic – two genres of interest were the chronicle and the theatre (27)
The Chronicles
-          “men who came to the New World were driven by the spiritual force of the Renaissance, but they were still guided by a medieval vision” (28)
-           “their chronicles penetrate reality without defining it” (28)
o   Idea of influence of Gothic style/era (like a Gothic church)
o   Chronicles lack composition and unity of Renaissance
-          ** Chroniclers wrote spontaneously and almost without training about actual experience – allowed the marvels of the New World to penetrate and exalt them (28)
-          Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
o   The first chronicler (28)
o   The letter which tells of his first voyage was printed in 1493 (28)
o   He was unable to truly appreciate America because he had wanted to find Asia (28)
o   Two themes of Renaissance – “natural man, happy and virtuous; and nature, luxuriant and paradisiacal” (29)
o   The vision of America was idealized/romanticized and constantly compared to Europe (29)
o   Columbus’s interest in the “human element” – meticulous observations on the appearance and customs of the natives (29)
o   Columbus felt like “more an adventurer than a man of science” – he wrote to satisfy his European readers’ curiosity, not to supply scientific info (29-30)
-          The people who accompanied Columbus also left accounts
o   Diego Alvarez Chanca – first to describe flora of the New World (30)
o   Friar Raimundo Pane – first European to speak an American tongue; first teacher of Indians (30)
o   Hernando Colón – The Life of Admiral Christopher Columbus (30)
-          Trend of attention given to inhabitants rather than to land itself (30)
-          Controversy over the Indians
o   Affirmation of the Utopian dreams of a paradisiacal landscape and a noble savage (30)
o   Some chroniclers declared New World inhabitants to be inferior men without souls (31)
o   Transplantation of European culture and resultant servitude of the Indian and intermarriage; effort to spread Christianity [political thinking inspired by theological thinking] (31)
o   Repartimientos – assignment of Indians to different Spanish employers/landowners to work… some people were for this and some were against it; very divided opinions (31)
§  The Dominican fathers who arrived on island of “Hispaniola” (today Dominican Republic and Haiti) were very against repartimientos
o   Profound moral lesson/dilemma – men of a conquering nation bringing under discussion the righteousness of conquest itself (31)
o   Indians were free so long as they conformed to the Catholic Church (32)
o   Custom of “requirements” initiated in 1513 (32)
§  Each captain was obliged to explain briefly the Christian concept of the world to the Indians so that they might know what to abide by
§  The Indians then had to recognize the overlordship of the Church and the Spanish king
o   Friar Pedro de Córdoba (1482-1521) – manual Doctrina Cristiana para instrucción de los indios, 1544
-          There were friars that defended the Indian from military violence, one of whom was Bartolomé de las Casas
-          Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566)
o   He defended the principle that only the peaceful conversion of the Indians was legitimate (33)
o   His chronicles were made up of very difficult-to-navigate prose (33)
o   Indignant and ironic tone in chronicles (33)
o   He unmasked his fellow New World explorers to show them as who they truly were, rather than heroes (examples: Cortés, Alonso de Ojeda) (33-34)
o   Some interest in physical appearance/beauty of other conquistadores (34)
o   Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (1552) – superior to other chronicles due to historical exactness (34-35)
o   Saw Indians as the descendants of the lost tribes of Israel (35)
-          Colonial Expansion and the Chronicles
o   People who went to New World explored and many of them (soldiers and missionaries particularly) became chroniclers because they were aware of the importance of their adventures (35)
o   The chroniclers wrote with pleasure, inspired by what they saw, but didn’t necessarily write very well (35-36)
-          Conquest and Learning: Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (1478-1557)
o   He’s not on the list. (pg. 36-40)
o   In his chronicle, he talks about animals, fruits, rivers, and indigenous rites of the New World.
o   Vision of universal order encompassing God, nature, and man
o   Imperialist perspective – Spaniards were superior in every way while the Indians were inferior
-          Hernán Cortés (1485-1547)
o   He wrote five letters to Charles V between the years of 1519 and 1526 (40)
o   His great love for the conquered lands; he was the first soldier to discover the greatness of an indigenous civilization (40-41)
o   Unemotional tone in his letters (40-41)
o   He appreciated the value of the social organization of the Aztecs (41)
o   Awestruck tone – “feeling that Mexican reality was greater than the mental framework that he had brought from Spain” (41)
o   He was very hard on the Indians because of his strict obedience to the Catholic Church and Spanish Empire above all (41)
o   Cortés treats the Indians sympathetically in his writings – he shows them as frightened and confused (41)
o   Cortés helped establish the colony and was very demanding, often pointing out the defects of the colonization, especially in the friars and encomenderos (42)
-          Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492?-1584)
o   One of Cortés’s soldiers; describes him and humanizes him by putting him in context (42)
o   Verdadera historia de la conquista de la Nueva España – one of the most impassioned chronicles ever written in Spanish (42)
o   Focus on the “I” – the personal perspective (43) [this was a trend in several chronicles]
o   Rhetoric of false modesty – called himself “an unlettered idiot” but knew how to reinforce his story with references to other literature (44)
o   Cited novels of chivalry – idea of chivalric motivations in conquest, such as loyalty to king, empire, and Christianity – for example, cited Amadís (44-45)
-          Missionaries in Mexico
o   Friars wanted to Christianize the Indians, but to do so they had to Indianize themselves first. Therefore, they learned the indigenous languages (45-46)
o   Many of the friars recorded old indigenous stories and traditions in Spanish (46-47)
-          The Defenseless Spaniard: Cabeza de Vaca
o   The Indians couldn’t believe the Spaniards were mortal and drowned one in an attempt to prove it
o   The Indians were astounded by the Spaniards’ cruelty – stopped having children and sometimes practiced collective suicide
-          Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490?-1559?)
o   “relation” of his wanderings – Naufragios (48)
o   Alvar left Spain in 1527 and suffered several shipwrecks. Only four of the original group survived getting to New World and beginning to explore. He was held captive by Indians for nine years, and was converted in all appearances into another Indian, although always maintaining his Christian faith. (48)
o   Great narrative quality of his chronicle (48)
o   Alvar was famous when he returned to Spain; he went back to New World in 1540 to be a governor of some province (48)
-          Chronicles of the Conquest of Peru
o   After the conquest of the Aztec empire (Mexico), the conquistadors looked for more of the New World to conquest. They wanted to find “mythical” locations that they hadn’t found yet, such as the Garden of Eden. (49)
o   After 1530 they started entering South America (49)
o   Francisco Pizarro discovered the Inca civilization of Peru (49)
o   Spain finally began to understand the full financial value of the conquest (49)
o   Some other chroniclers (of Peru specifically), none of whom are on the list:
§  Pedro Cieza de León
§  Agustín de Zárate
§  Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
§  Juan Polo de Ondegardo
§  Juan de Matienzo
§  Francisco López de Xerez
§  Alonso Henríquez de Guzmán
o   “During the Renaissance period of Charles V the medieval Christian mind acquired an aggressive individualism that denounced false social hierarchies and proclaimed the equality of men” – new attitude of rebellion and non-conformity, which was reflected in texts such as Lazarillo de Tormes (51)
-          Chroniclers of New Granada
o   Mix of rogue-conquistadors and knight-errant-conquistadors (51)
o   Idea of influence of Don Quijote (51)
o   Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada – compared with Quijote (51)
o   The conquistadors chased the promises of legends – fountain of youth, silver mountain range, land of cinnamon (52-53)
-          Fascination with the legend of the certain women who lived apart from men – the Amazons (53)
-          In the Region of the Río de la Plata
o   Juan Díaz de Solís discovered the Río in 1516, and other navigators proved that this was not the end of the southern land (53)
o   Settlements in this area were attempts to discover roads to fantastic riches (54)
o   Pero Hernández – Commentaries (1554) – narrates part of Alvar Núnez Cabeza de Vaca’s story (54)
Renaissance Literature
-          Several anti-scholastic and pro-Erasmus thinkers (55-56)
-          Friar Juan de Zumárraga – “believed in the rationality of the Indians and in the salvation of their souls at a time when many other Spaniards considered them slaves by nature” (55)
-          Juan de Castellanos (1522-1607) – Not on the list
o   Humanist and Renaissance-influenced writer (56)
o   Considered himself an “American Spaniard” (57)
-          Many Spaniards had a refined cultural life in the New World – a university was established in Mexico rather early on (56)
Fantasy and the New World
-          People were chasing legends in the New World – all of the ancient fantasies suddenly found a new place to theoretically hang out in (59)
-          “We see, side by side, the speculations made by the medieval mind and also by the Renaissance mentality, an attitude we would call scientific today” (60)
Theatre
-          A theatrical representation of the end of the world in the Nahuatl language in Mexico (60)
-          Religious plays composed by various friars (60)
-          Missionary theatre that aimed to teach the Indians about Christianity (60)
-          Conquista de Jerusalém – open-air representation of the wars between the Moors and the Christians (60)
-          Because of popularity of theatre, “open chapels” were constructed (61)
-          Intermingling of Indian and Spanish elements produced an original dramatic type (61)
-          Audience actually participated in theatre – in mass battle/dance scenes, for example (61)